dawnmedDawnMed Journal of Medical ScienceISVolume 1, Issue 1MultidisciplinaryEnglish2025NNY20251230OncologyImpact of gender and age on the risk and clinical characteristics of thyroid cancer: A Retrospective Study at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, JeddahEnglishY921Alaa B.Habeebullah¹*EnglishNBandar MohammedAlharbi²EnglishYFuad AbdullahAlmalki²EnglishYAhmedAbdullahAlmalki²EnglishYMohammed BaderAlmushageh²EnglishYAyman RuwayjihAlmalki²EnglishYHamad AbkarHakami²EnglishYMeshal Khalaf AllahAlmalkiEnglishY10.64039/djms.2025.1102Background and Aim: Thyroid cancer incidence has been increasing in Saudi Arabia, with variation by age and sex. This study aimed to evaluate the association of age and sex with clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes of thyroid cancer.Methods: We conducted a retrospective medical record review of adult patients with confirmed thyroid cancer diagnosed and/or treated at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, between January 2010 and December 2023. Demographic data, tumour characteristics, treatment, and outcomes were extracted. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.Results: Among 331 patients, papillary carcinoma was the most common histologic subtype. Older age at diagnosis was associated with more advanced stage, larger tumour size, and documented distant metastasis. Male patients were older at diagnosis and had larger tumours, and sex was associated with lymph node metastasis and invasion of adjacent structures.Conclusion: In this single-center retrospective cohort, age and sex were associated with thyroid cancer characteristics and selected outcomes. These findings support considering age and sex when interpreting disease extent and planning follow-up, while recognizing the limitations of retrospective observational data.EnglishThyroid cancer, Papillary thyroidcarcinoma, Age, Sex, Metastasishttps://www.dawnmed.com.sa/abstract?id=7References1619Xing M. Molecular pathogenesis and mechanisms of thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Cancer [Internet]. 2013 Mar [cited 2024 Jun 4];13(3):184and;ndash;99. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrc3431Chmielik E, Rusinek D, Oczko-Wojciechowska M, Jarzab M, Krajewska J, Czarniecka A, et al. Heterogeneity of Thyroid Cancer. Pathobiology [Internet]. 2018 Feb 6 [cited 2024 Jun 4];85(1and;ndash;2):117and;ndash;29. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1159/000486422Tang Z, Gao L, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhan W, Zhou W. Metastases to the thyroid gland: ultrasonographic findings and diagnostic value of fine-needle aspiration cytology. Front Oncol [Internet]. 2022 Aug 3 [cited 2024 Jun 4];12. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/ 10.3389/fonc.2022.939965/fullMiranda-Filho A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Bray F, Cao B, Franceschi S, Vaccarella S, et al. Thyroid cancer incidence trends by histology in 25 countries: a population-based study. The Lancet Diabetes and;amp; Endocrinology [Internet]. 2021 Apr 1 [cited 2024 Jun 4];9(4):225and;ndash;34. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221 3858721000279Yan KL, Li S, Tseng CH, Kim J, Nguyen DT, Dawood NB, et al. Rising Incidence and Incidence-Based Mortality of Thyroid Cancer in California, 2000-2017. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and;amp; Metabolism [Internet]. 2020 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Jun 4];105(6):1770and;ndash;7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa121Bogović Crnčić T, Ilić Tomaand;scaron; M, Girotto N, Grbac Ivanković S. Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer: What Do We Know So Far? Acta clinica Croatica [Internet]. 2020 Nov 1 [cited 2024 Jun 4];59.(Supplement 1):66and;ndash;72. Available from: https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/360857Alghamdi IG, Hussain II, Alghamdi MS, Dohal AA, Almalki SS, El-Sheemy MA. The Incidence Rate of Thyroid Cancer Among Women in Saudi Arabia: An Observational Descriptive Epidemiological Analysis of Data from Saudi Cancer Registry 2001and;ndash;2008. J Immigrant Minority Health [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Jun 3];17(3):638and;ndash;43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-014-0044-5Flemban AF, Kabrah S, Alahmadi H, Alqurashi RK, Turaes AS, Almaghrabi R, et al. Patterns of Thyroid Cancer Mortality and Incidence in Saudi Arabia: A 30-Year Study. Diagnostics [Internet]. 2022 Nov [cited 2024 Jun 3];12(11):2716. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/11/2716Samargandy S, Qari R, Aljadani A, Sr DA, Etaiwi A, Alghamdi D, et al. Clinicopathological Characteristics of Thyroid Cancer in a Saudi Academic Hospital. Cureus [Internet]. 2020 May 10 [cited 2024 Jun 4];12(5). Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/29709- clinicopathological-characteristics-of-thyroidcancer-in-a-saudi-academic-hospitalAlsaud JS, Alharbi MS, Aldekhail AI, Almesned RA, Alsultan FS, Alharbi M, et al. Quality of Life in Thyroid Cancer Patients. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Sep 14 [cited 2024 Jun 4];15(9). Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/182257-qualityof-life-in-thyroid-cancer-patientsAlsaud JS, Alharbi MS, Aldekhail AI, Almesned RA, Alsultan FS, Alharbi M, et al. Quality of Life in Thyroid Cancer Patients. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Sep 14 [cited 2024 Jun 4];15(9). Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/182257-qualityof-life-in-thyroid-cancer-patientsHuang J, Ngai CH, Deng Y, Pun CN, Lok V, Zhang L, et al. Incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer in 50 countries: a joinpoint regression analysis of global trends. Endocrine [Internet]. 2023 May 1 [cited 2024 Jun 3];80(2):355and;ndash;65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-022-03274-7Deng Y, Li H, Wang M, Li N, Tian T, Wu Y, et al. Global Burden of Thyroid Cancer From 1990 to 2017.and;nbsp;JAMA Network Open [Internet]. 2020 Jun 26 [cited 2024 Jun 3];3(6):e208759. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8759Alshehri B. Descriptive Epidemiological Analysis of Thyroid Cancer in the Saudi Population (2001-2013). Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention [Internet]. 2017 May 1 [cited 2024 Jun 3];18(5):1445and;ndash;51. Available from: https://journal.waocp.org/article_46592.htmlAl-Zahrani AS, Ravichandran K. Epidemiology of thyroid cancer: a review with special reference to Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states. Gulf J Oncolog. 2007 Jul;(2):17and;ndash;28.Kitahara CM, Schneider AB, Brenner AV. Thyroid Cancer. In: Thun M, Linet MS, Cerhan JR, Haiman CA, Schottenfeld D, editors. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention [Internet]. Oxford University Press; 2017 [cited 2024 Jun 3]. p. 0. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0044Tran QL, Davies L. Thyroid cancer incidence differences between men and women. Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research [Internet]. 2023 Aug 1 [cited 2024 Jun 3];31:100472. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S245 196502300039XZgurovsky M, Sineglazov V, Chumachenko E. Intelligent System of Thyroid Pathology Diagnostics. In: Zgurovsky M, Sineglazov V, Chumachenko E, editors. Artificial Intelligence Systems Based on Hybrid Neural Networks: Theory and Applications [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021 [cited 2024 Jun 3]. p. 363and;ndash;460. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3-030-48453-8_6Shah S, Boucai L. Effect of Age on Response to Therapy and Mortality in Patients With Thyroid Cancer at High Risk of Recurrence. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and;amp; Metabolism [Internet]. 2018 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Jun 3];103(2):689and;ndash;97. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-02255Shi LY, Liu J, Yu LJ, Lei YM, Leng SX, Zhang HY. Clinicpathologic Features and Prognostic Analysis of Thyroid Cancer in the Older Adult: A SEER Based Study. Journal of Cancer [Internet]. 2018 Jul 1 [cited 2024 Jun 3];9(15):2744and;ndash;50. Available from: https://www.jcancer.org/v09p2744.htmAgrawal N, Akbani R, Aksoy BA, Ally A, Arachchi H, Asa SL, et al. Integrated Genomic Characterization of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Cell [Internet]. 2014 Oct 23 [cited 2024 Junand;nbsp;4];159(3):676and;ndash;90. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0092867414012380Pontius LN, Youngwirth LM, Thomas SM, Scheri RP, Roman SA, Sosa JA. Lymphovascular invasion is associated with survival for papillary thyroid cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer [Internet]. 2016 Jul 1 [cited 2024 Jun 4];23(7):555and;ndash;62. Available from: https://erc.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/erc/23 /7/555.xmlAl-Nuaim AR, Ahmed M, Bakheet S, Kareem AMA, Ingmenson S, Al-Ahmari S, et al. Papillary Thyroid Cancer in Saudi Arabia Clinical, Pathologic, and Management Characteristics. Clinical Nuclear Medicine [Internet]. 1996 Apr [cited 2024 Jun 4];21(4):307. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/nuclearmed/abstract/19 96/04000/papillary_thyroid_cancer_in_saudi_arab ia_clinical,.10.aspxHsu YC, Liu CL, Yang PS, Tsai CH, Lee JJ, Cheng SP. Interaction of Age at Diagnosis with Transcriptional Profiling in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. World Journal of Surgery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Jun 4];40(12):1. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1007/s 00268-016-3625-8Jonklaas J, Nogueras-Gonzalez G, Munsell M, Litofsky D, Ain KB, Bigos ST, et al. The Impact of Age and Gender on Papillary Thyroid Cancer Survival. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and;amp; Metabolism [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Jun 4];97(6):E878and;ndash;87. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2864Alzahrani AS, Alomar H, Alzahrani N. Thyroid Cancer in Saudi Arabia: A Histopathological and Outcome Study. International Journal of Endocrinology [Internet]. 2017 Feb 27 [cited 2024 Jun 4];2017:e8423147. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2017/8423 147/Schwartz N, Shpitzer T, Feinmesser R, Robenshtok E, Bachar G. Thyroid Surgery in the Elderly. Gerontology [Internet]. 2013 Jul 5 [cited 2024 Jun 4];59(5):401and;ndash;7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1159/000351197Poma AM, Macerola E, Basolo A, Batini V, Rago T, Santini F, et al. Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology and Histological Types of Thyroid Cancer in theand;nbsp;Elderly: Evaluation of 9070 Patients from a Single Referral Centre. Cancers [Internet]. 2021 Jan [cited 2024 Jun 4];13(4):907. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/4/907van Velsen EFS, Peeters RP, Stegenga MT, van Kemenade FJ, van Ginhoven TM, Verburg FA, et al. The influence of age on disease outcome in 2015 ATA highrisk differentiated thyroid cancer patients. European Journal of Endocrinology [Internet]. 2021 Sep 1 [cited 2024 Jun 4];185(3):421and;ndash;9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-21-0365Joseph KR, Edirimanne S, Eslick GD. Thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer in the elderly: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Surgical Oncology [Internet]. 2019 Mar 1 [cited 2024 Jun 4];45(3):310and;ndash;7. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0748 798318312587LeClair K, Bell KJL, Furuya-Kanamori L, Doi SA, Francis DO, Davies L. Evaluation of Gender Inequity in Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis: Differences by Sex in US Thyroid Cancer Incidence Compared With a Meta-analysis of Subclinical Thyroid Cancer Rates at Autopsy. JAMA Internal Medicine [Internet]. 2021 Oct 1 [cited 2024 Jun 4];181(10):1351and;ndash;8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.480 4Suteau V, Munier M, Briet C, Rodien P. Sex Bias in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Internet]. 2021 Jan [cited 2024 Jun 4];22(23):12992. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/23/12992